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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Sumer develops as the first centre of Mesopotamian civilization | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Upper and Lower Egypt are unified into a single kingdom, inaugurating the first Egyptian dynasty | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Writing is developed, at Sumer, as cuneiform script on clay tablets | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | The Egyptian hieroglyphic script develops at much the same time as the Sumerian cuneiform | |
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| 3100 BC |
| | | The invention of writing marks the transition, in academic terms, from prehistory to history | |
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| c. 1000 BC |
| | | By now the mammoth, the giant bison and the horse are all extinct in America, partly because of the warming climate and partly because of the success of humans with spears | |
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| 1908 |
| | | George McJunkin, near Folsom in New Mexico, sees the bones of an extinct giant bison, partially exposed after a flash flood, with an ancient spear point embedded in the skeleton | |
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| 1927 |
| | | Archaeologists, excavating the bison remains at Folsom, find an ancient spear point embedded in the skeleton - first proof of the Folsom culture | |
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| 1929 |
| | | An American Indian teenager, Ridgely Whiteman, finds the remains of a butchered mammoth near Clovis in New Mexico - first evidence of the Clovis culture | |
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| 1931 |
| | | On his first expedition to the Olduvai Gorge, Louis Leakey finds the oldest object now in the British Museum - the chopping tool from about 1.8 million years ago | |
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